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Journal 2001
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Journal 2001 |
Alka
seltzer is a substance that thousands of people use each day. It helps people
deal with heartburn and other acidity problems. Therefore Alka Seltzer is an
antacid, which would be a base. Alka Seltzer contains many different sub- stances
inside it such as aspirin, citric acid, and also sodium bicarbonate. All of
these coincide to help fix acid problems. An experiment to see the reactions
of Alka Seltzer is test how fast it reacts. The reaction varies along with the
temperature, pressure, particle size, and concentrations. These experiments
can be easily tested in a person's home. So if any one ever has a science experiment
this is a good idea to use. On most of these experiments all that is needed
is different covers, water, and the ability to change the temperature 0 water.
All of these experiments deal with everyday occurrences and also they have a
lot to do with chemistry.
All of these experiments can easily be experiments through chemistry. All of
the experiments release carbon dioxide and are also endothermic because the
substance gets hotter. With temperature, the reaction occurs quicker as the
temperature goes up. If the temperature goes down then the reaction will occur
much slower. This happens when the cold water is moving slower so it will take
more time for it to full) evaporate. The rate of a chemical reaction is affected
by tht physical size of the reactants. Decreasing the size of the particles,
which make up a given weight will increase the number of particles represented
by the same weight. Smaller particle size results in an increase in the rate
of reaction because the surface area of the reactant has been increased
Another way it is affected is by the concentration. The speed of reaction is
determined by how quickly the particle: collide. If there is less concentration
then the particles will collide less often and the reaction will slow down.
Therefore if there is more of a concentration then the speed of reaction will
be quicker. In a gas reaction, the rate of reaction will decrease as pressure
increases. So the less pressure the better for these reactions
In conclusion these experiments are simple and also tell a lot about chemistry.
Alka Seltzer can be dissolved it liquids at with different methods at different
speeds as shown earlier. This experiment is a useful way to see chemistry and
it is easy enough for any age kids to do.
For two millennia, light has been used for a persuasion of goodness and purity.
However, as is often the case with the human species, this use has been over
manipulated to attract the average intellect to a place of profit. The combination
of circuity of neon and flourescence is the result. A circuit is a complete
path of electric currant, including the generating apparatus, intervening resistors
or capacitors. The way in which gases, including mercury, neon, argon, and fluorescence
are used in collation with electricity are how these lights are created.
Neon is a noble gas, odorless and non-reactive, and while conducting electricity,
can emit an orange-reddish glow. In this was, the lights on bars, clubs and
stores are produced. In 1898, this type of gas was discovered out of liquid
air by Ramsey and Travers, British chemists who at the time probably had little
perception of the importance of their discovery. "Neon" is derived
from "neos", Greek meaning "new". To offset the neon lights
of the outside world are the fluorescent of the inside. Sir William Strokes
discovered fluorescence in 1852. It too is a gas and inexpensive, and therefore
popular. It is commonly found in shades of white, however other hues have been
detected, such as blue, red, and orange. "Flourescence" was so named
for the Latin, "flou" meaning "flow".
Nitroglycerin is an
oily, dense, colorless liquid, with a sweet, burning taste. It has a formula
of C H NO' specific gravity of 1.60. It is insoluble in water but soluble in
ether, acetone, benzene, and chloroform. Nitroglycerin gives two crystalline
forms, one that melts at 2.80 C (370 F), and the other at 13.50 C (56.30 F).
It also solidifies at 120 C I F). Nitroglycerin is derived from the glycerol
molecule, which is a common biological molecule from which triglycerides fats
and oils are constructed, where all the -OH groups have been replaced by NO.
2
Nitroglycerin was discovered in 1847 by the Italian chemist Ascanio Sobrero.
However, Alfred Nobel first manufactured it by care- fully mixing glycerol with
nitric and sulphuric acids. And in 1864 Nobel was able to start mass production
nitroglycerin. He found that mixing nitroglycerin with a type of clay called
kieselguhr, would turn the liquid into a paste which could be shaped into rods
of a size form suitable for insertion into drilling holes. In 1867: patented
this material under the name of dynamite. The safe explosive, dynamite, immediately
found many j trial uses, such as mining, quarrying, demolition, etc, but the
first World War began and Nobel's discovery was to fuel the war machines on
both sides. Nowadays, though the standard dynamite used in the United States
is com of nitroglycerin, ammonium nitrate and sodium nitrate: other explosives),
wood pulp (the absorbing medium), and a trace of calcium carbonate to neutralize
of acids might form during storage.
NitToglycerin is a high explosive that is so unstable that the slightest jolt,
impact or friction can cause it to spontaneously detonate. Since the molecule
contains oxygen, nitrogen and carbon, when it explodes a lot of energy is re-
leased as the atoms rearrange to form new molecules with S::la":g, S;;bel:I:rrl3,
JileN and CO. The speed of the de- composition reaction makes2nitroglycerin
such a violent ex- plosive. Four moles of nitroglycerin produce thirty-five
moles of hot gases. When detonated, it produces about 10,000 times its own volume
of gas. Nitroglycerin is eight times as power-
ful as gunpowder in proportion to relative weight, and thirteen times as powerful
in
~O proportion to relative volume. II Not only is nitroglycerin used in ) NO2
dynami~e, it is us~d for medical purposes as
\ wellr Nttroglycenn became one of the very NO2 first man-made drugs, and to
this day, it re-
mains the most commonplace treatment for chronic angina, the chest pain of heart
dis-
ease. It is used medicinally to provide temporary relief from the symptoms of
angina pectoris. Nitroglycerin is a drug that relaxes the smooth muscles of
the blood vessels, permitting. them to expand. That reduces the pumping force
the heart must exert to circulate blood through the body. This reduc- tion in
the heart's workload relieves the crushing pain of an- gina. However, for about
half of the patients who take Nitro- glycerin tablets, there is one unpleasant
side effect, severe headaches, and in some patients, it can also produce dizzi-
ness from hypotension. Nitroglycerin may be prescribed as a tablet or as a spray,
and is taken in doses of 0.2 to 0.6 mg. Nitroglycerin is also the most frequent
medication for chronic heart pain.
In conclusion, Nitroglycerin has many uses. It can be found in the very first
discoveries of dynamite and in medicine as well, and both are still used to
this day, even though it was discovered in the nineteenth century.
Although cars have
almost unlimited connections to chemistry for example gas, antifreeze, and oil
a connection that can easily go overlooked is the connection to the body of
a car. Although the internal chemistry of a car is extraordinarily important
without a strong body a car depreciates in efficiency and value.
It is well known that water and metal create rust. The steel body of a car is
covered in waterproof paint to prevent rust, however paint is delicate and will
crack and peel with age. This will expose the steel to water and create rust.
The rust can than spread through the car like an infection weakening the body
drastically. Excessive rust can lead to many problems, a drop ~n the cars value
and efficiency can result from excessive rust. Also excessive rust can lead
to dangers on the road that could injure or fatally wound motorists. Eventually
all cars rust however even excessive rust that was caused by a chemical reaction
can be remedied wit a chemical reaction. Surface rust or rust caused by dings
in a car can be fixed with sandpaper and a substance called Bondo. This substance
is the result of a chemical reaction between plastic based glue and a hardener.
When applied this Hondo is than sanded and covered with a Urethane based paint
witch chemically bonds to the steel and protects it against rust. For the more
extensive rust Hondo and paint is not the answer. Extensive rust especially
in an important part of the car, like the seem alone the steel body of the car,
must be fixed with a series of chemical reactions. First the paint of the car
around the rusted aria must be removed using a strong methalyne Chloride based
paint remover. The methalyne Chloride reacts with the Urethane to create a slime
like substance that san easily be scraped off the car. When the paint on and
around the rust has been removed the deeply rusted metal must be cut off and
a new pice of metal will be welded back on. To weld electricity is used as heat
energy to ,temporarily change the steel to liquid so it will stick to the rest
of the car. Once the Steel has gone back to a solid you can than sand add Hondo
and the paint. This process of chemical reactions will both strengthen your
car and prevent any further rust.
In conclusion without complex chemical reactions auto body repair and more importantly
cars in general could not be used as mankind's greatest means of transportation.
Have you ever gone
to a carnival and bought a glow necklace? At some point during our childhood
every person.buys
one of these brightly glowing sticks, which can be manipulated into necklaces,
bracelets or even a princess' crown. To a
stretch out the fun, every kid goes home and throws it in the freezer. The next
night, as the moon comes up, the freezer door is pulled open to discover the
luminescent blue, green and purple still shining. This is the magic of glow
sticks, but how do a they actually work? What makes a glow stick in the freezer
last longer than one sitting on the table? What is Glowing Chemistry?
Glow sticks use chemical light or chemiluminescence. Unlike incandescence (the
kind of light a candle gives off)- : the process of creating chemical light
produces no heat or flame. The energy is transformed directly to light. Man
has: 'known about chemical light since he could distinguish that the cold light
of the firefly was different from the hot light of a-flame. Fireflies are the
most efficient form of chemiluminescence that we know of. They have an efficiency
of 88%. This: 'means that 100 molecules produce 88 photons of light. Scientist
have been unable to come close to this efficiency. The highest man made chemical
light is about 23% efficient, although this number is changing everyday. Producing
light is a chemical reaction; this means that heat has an effect on it. If heat
is added to the reaction it- : speeds up. When you warm a glow stick, it glows
more brightly, but it also glows for a shorter period because the reaction:
, takes place in a shorter amount of time. In the same way, if you cool a glow
stick the reaction will be less vibrant, but it will- :last much longer. Glow
sticks that have been put in the freezer take a much longer time for the reaction
to complete. Chemiluminescence is the light of the future. It is much safer
than incandescence because it has no risk of burning- : anything down. It is
not toxic and can not harm you in anyway. Many places are already using cQemicallight
for emergency: . back ups. If scientists are able to increase the efficiency,
chemiluminescence may become an everyday standard.